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1 phase-out period
Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > phase-out period
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2 phase-out period
s.periodo de eliminación gradual, periodo de suspensión por etapas. -
3 phase
phase [feɪz]1 noun(a) (period → gen) phase f, période f; (→ of illness) phase f, stade m; (→ of career, project) étape f; (→ of civilization) période f;∎ the project is going through a critical phase le projet traverse une phase critique;∎ it's still in the development phase c'est encore en cours de développement;∎ the final phase of the election campaign la dernière étape de la campagne électorale;∎ phase two of the government's incomes policy la deuxième étape de la politique salariale du gouvernement;∎ phase two of the restoration project/rebuilding programme la deuxième tranche des travaux de restauration/de reconstruction;∎ the investigation/trial has entered a new phase l'enquête/le procès est désormais dans une nouvelle phase;∎ their daughter's going through a difficult phase leur fille traverse une période difficile;∎ don't worry, it's just a phase she's going through ne vous inquiétez pas, ça lui passera∎ in the solid phase en phase ou à l'état solide;∎ also figurative to be in phase être en phase;∎ also figurative to be out of phase être déphasé;∎ the government is out of phase with the mood of the country le gouvernement est en décalage complet avec les sentiments de la population(a) (changes, new methods) introduire progressivement; (project) développer en phases successives; (schedule, introduction of technology etc) échelonner;∎ the closure of the plant will be phased over three years la fermeture de l'usine se fera progressivement, sur trois ans(b) (synchronize) synchroniser, faire coïncider;∎ the two operations have to be perfectly phased les deux opérations doivent être parfaitement synchronisées(new methods) introduire progressivement ou par étapes; (new systems, new equipment) mettre progressivement en place;∎ the reforms will obviously have to be phased in il est évident que les réformes devront être introduites progressivement;∎ the increases will be phased in over five years les augmentations seront échelonnées sur cinq ans(stop using → machinery, weapon) cesser progressivement d'utiliser (stop producing → car, model) abandonner progressivement la production de; (do away with → jobs, tax) supprimer progressivement ou par étapes; (→ grant) retirer progressivement;∎ when the use of these pesticides has been phased out quand ces pesticides auront cessé d'être utilisés;∎ the system is being phased out ce système est en cours d'abandon -
4 phase
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5 phase
N1. पहलूMy son is going through a difficult phase.2. कलाThe first quarter is the brightest phase of the moon.3. अवस्थाThe two sets of traffic lights were out of phase.--------V1. चरणों\phaseमें\phaseकरनाIt involved as a phased programme going over a twenty five year period.Cutbacks were phased over a 1.year period.The new regulation will be phased in from september. -
6 period
1. n период, промежуток времени; срокlasting for a period of three months — длящийся три месяца, сроком в три месяца
period of rest — время отдыха; передышка
2. n стадия3. n урок, занятие4. n эпоха, время5. n грам. сложное законченное предложение6. n грам. фраза7. n грам. точка; пауза в конце предложения8. n грам. конец9. n грам. цветистая речь, риторика10. n грам. физиол. часто месячные, менструация11. n грам. физ. период колебаний12. n грам. спец. цикл13. n грам. геол. эпоха, период14. a относящийся к определённому периодуСинонимический ряд:1. cycle (noun) course; cycle2. duration (noun) age; day; days; duration; epoch; era; interval; stretch; time3. end (noun) cease; cessation; close; closing; closure; completion; conclusion; consummation; desistance; desuetude; discontinuance; discontinuation; end; ending; finish; stop; termination; terminus; wrap-up4. stage (noun) phase; stage5. term (noun) season; span; termАнтонимический ряд:eternity; infinity; perpetuity -
7 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
8 service
̈ɪˈsə:vɪs I
1. сущ.
1) служба, занятие, работа to press smb. into service ≈ заставлять кого-л. служить to take smb. into one's service ≈ нанимать кого-л. meritorious service service record
2) а) учреждение, подразделение (в компетенции которого находятся те или иные вопросы) б) служба obstetrical service ≈ служба родовспоможения
3) обслуживание, оказание услуг, сервис to do, perform, provide, render a service ≈ предлагать услуги, обслуживать to introduce, offer service ≈ предлагать услуги to suspend a service ≈ временно прекращать обслуживание service charge ≈ плата за операцию (общераспространенный сбор за банковские услуги) emergency service ≈ неотложная помощь, скорая помощь orientation service ≈ служба профориентации per-call service ≈ плата по числу звонков
4) сообщение, связь, движение;
рейсы (between;
from;
to) to introduce service ≈ вводить сообщение to offer, provide service ≈ обеспечивать сообщение to run on a regular service ≈ обеспечивать регулярное сообщение to suspend service ≈ временно прекращать сообщение human services ≈ сфера услуг
5) помощь, одолжение, услуга I am glad to be of service. ≈ Рад оказать услугу. at your service ≈ к вашим услугам Syn: help, use
1., benefit
1.
6) а) государственная служба Civil Service ≈ государственная (гражданская) служба National Service ≈ воинская или трудовая повинность( в Англии) civil service ≈ государственная служба consular service ≈ консульская служба diplomatic service ≈ дипломатическая служба foreign service ≈ дипломатическая служба intelligence service ≈ секретная служба, разведывательная служба secret service ≈ секретная служба, разведывательная служба, разведка б) военная служба
7) воен. род войск
8) сервиз coffee service ≈ кофейный сервиз dinner service ≈ обеденный сервиз tea service ≈ чайный сервиз
9) повестка, судебное извещение
10) мор. клетневание
11) спорт подача( мяча) to break smb.'s service ≈ отбить чью-л. подачу to hold one's service ≈ удерживать подачу to lose one's service ≈ проиграть подачу
12) церк. служба, месса to hold a service ≈ служить службу burial service marriage service memorial service prayer service religious service evening service morning service noontime service sunrise service
2. гл.
1) обслуживать, служить, быть полезным Syn: serve
2) а) амер. проводить технический осмотр, ремонтировать (машины и т. п.) She enjoyed her work, which consisted chiefly in running and servicing a powerful but tricky electric motor. ≈ Ей нравилась ее работа, которая заключалась в запуске и осуществлении текущего технического обеспечения электрического двигателя. б) заправлять горючим
3) выплачивать проценты по долгу
4) обеспечивать (чем-л.)
5) случать( животных) II = service-tree услужение - domestic * домашняя работа, обязанности слуги - to be in( smb.'s) * быть слугой, служить (у кого-л.) - to go into /to, out to/ * пойти в прислуги - to take * with smb. поступать к кому-л. в прислуги - to take smb. into one's * нанимать кого-л., брать в услужение кого-л. - last week the cook left our * на прошлой неделе от нас ушла кухарка работа - hard * тяжелая работа - to be out of * быть без работы /без места/ - to go out of * уйти с работы - to reward smb. for his good * награждать кого-л. за хорошую службу - to be on detached * быть в командировке - to send smb. off on special * послать кого-л. со специальным заданием - he gives good * он хорошо работает, он отличный работник рабочий стаж, срок службы - prolonged meritorious * выслуга лет - to have ten years * иметь десятилетний стаж работы государственная служба - the Civil S. государственная /гражданская/ служба - to be in the Civil S. быть на гражданской /на государственной/ службе - the diplomatic *, (американизм) Foreign S. дипломатическая служба - the consular * консульская служба - on His Majesty's S. (сокр. O.H.M.S.) на службе его величества (форма франкирования официальной переписки) учреждение (ведающее специальной отраслью работы) - information * информационная служба - reporting *s отдел официальных отчетов (ООН) - administrative *s административный отдел( секретариата ООН) ;
административные службы - typewriting * машинописное бюро служба - telegraph * телеграфная связь - communication * служба связи - railway *, * of trains железнодорожное сообщение - passenger * пассажирское сообщение - to restore normal train * восстановить регулярное движение поездов - to institute a new air * ввести новую линию воздушного сообщения - the telephone * is out of order телефонная связь нарушена - to operate regular *s from A. to B. установить регулярные рейсы между А. и Б. обслуживание, сервис - good * at a hotel хорошее обслуживание в гостинице - prompt * быстрое обслуживание - to give customers prompt * быстро обслуживать покупателей - medical * медицинское обслуживание - electric-light * обеспечение электроэнергией сфера услуг;
обслуживание населения;
служба быта, сервис - * workers работники, занятые в сфере обслуживания (продавцы, парикмахеры, официанты и т. п.) библиотечное обслуживание (тж. * to readers) - * catalogue служебный каталог - * fee плата за абонемент - * hours часы работы( библиотеки) военная служба - Selective S. (американизм) воинская повинность для отдельных граждан (по отбору) - active *, * with the colours действительная военная служба - to be called up for active * быть призванным на действительную военную службу - to do one's military * проходить военную службу - to be in the * служить в армии - length /period/ of * срок военной службы - fit for * годен к военной службе - to quit the * увольняться с военной службы - to be dismissed /discharged/ from the * быть уволенным с военной службы - to retire from * выйти в отставку - * ashore( морское) береговая служба - sea * служба на плавающих кораблях - examination * (морское) брандвахтенная /досмотровая/ служба - daily * (морское) служба корабельных нарядов( военное) вид вооруженных сил;
род войск - the three *s - the army, the navy, the aviation три рода войск: сухопутные войска, военно-морской флот и военно-воздушные силы - what branch of the * do you expect to enter? в какой род войск вы будете зачислены? услуга, одолжение;
помощь - to be at smb.'s * быть к чьим-л. услугам - I am at your * я к вашим услугам /в вашем распоряжении/ - to offer one's *s предлагать свои услуги - to be of * to smb. быть кому-л. полезным, пригодиться кому-л., сослужить кому-л. службу - glad to be of * to you рад быть вам полезным - to do /to render/ smb. a (great) * оказать кому-л. (большую) услугу - will you do me a *? окажите мне услугу - what good *s this pen has done me! эта ручка мне хорошо послужила! - you do yourself no * by such replies вы себе только вредите такими ответами - he didn't need the *s of an interpreter он не нуждался в услугах /в помощи/ переводчика - in gratitude for your valuable *s в благодарность за ваши неоценимые услуги - an exchange of friendly *s обмен дружескими услугами - the dictionary is of enormous * to students этот словарь оказывает большую помощь учащимся заслуга - great *s большие заслуги - prominent *s to the State выдающиеся заслуги перед государством - to exaggerate one's own *s преувеличивать собственные заслуги - for smb.'s past *s за прошлые заслуги сервиз - dinner * обеденный сервиз - a * of china фарфоровый сервиз прибор - toilet * туалетный прибор( церковное) богослужение, служба - morning * утренняя служба - burial * отпевание - marriage * венчание - baptismal * крестины - memorial * заупокойная служба, панихида - to attend a * присутствовать на богослужении - to conduct a * вести службу - are you going to *? ты идешь в церковь подача мяча (теннис) - your *! ваша подача! - strong * сильная подача - * ball мяч, вводимый в игру с подачи (юридическое) исполнение постановления суда;
вручение( повестки и т. п.) ;
судебное извещение - personal * личное оповещение - substituted * оповещение по почте - * of a writ копия распоряжения суда - * of attachment приведение в исполнение судебного постановления о взятии лица под стражу (сельскохозяйственное) случка - * period сервис-период (от отела до плодотворной случки) (морское) клетневание (техническое) эксплуатация - * instructions правила эксплуатации - * life эксплуатационный срок службы - a radio set with free 12 months * радиоприемник с гарантией на год > to have seen * быть в долгом употреблении, износиться > my overcoat has seen long * мое пальто уже износилось /отслужило свой век/ > his face has seen * по его лицу видно, что он не молод /что он видал виды/ военный;
относящийся к вооруженным силам - * age (group) призывной возраст - * aviation военная авиация - * call уставной /служебный/ сигнал - * certificate служебное удостоверение;
свидетельство - * chevron нашивка за шестимесячную службу на фронте - * families семьи военнослужащих - * number личный номер( военнослужащего) - * record послужной список - * ribbon орденская планка - * test испытания в войсках, войсковые испытания - * troops войска обслуживания;
тыловые части и подразделения - * uniform /dress/ повседневная форма одежды - * unit обслуживающая часть - * weapon боевое оружие служебный - * entrance служебный вход - * call служебный телефонный разговор( особ. международный) - * stair черный ход - * benefits выходное пособие;
(военное) льготы и привилегии военнослужащих - * conditions( техническое) условия эксплуатации /работы/ повседневный;
прочный, ноский( об одежде) обслуживающий - * trades профессии, относящиеся к сфере обслуживания обслуживать производить осмотр и текущий ремонт - to * a car обслуживать автомобиль заправлять( горючим) - to * a car with gasoline заправлять машину горючим (ботаника) рябина домашняя (Pyrus domestica) - wild * кустарник или невысокое дерево с горькими плодами account solicitation ~ бюро рассмотрения ходатайств о предоставлении кредитов advisory ~ консультативная служба (например, по вопросам трудоустройства, профессиональной ориентации и т. д.) aftersales ~ послепродажное обслуживание ambulance ~ служба "Скорой помощи";
"Скорая помощь" as a ~ в качестве услуги ~ услуга, одолжение;
at your service к вашим услугам;
to be of service быть полезным auxiliary ~ вспомогательная служба, дополнительная (побочная) служба bank transfer ~ банковские переводы bathing ~ банная служба ~ услуга, одолжение;
at your service к вашим услугам;
to be of service быть полезным bus ~ автобусное сообщение car hire ~ служба проката автомобилей care attendant ~s услуги по уходу за больными central care ~ центральная служба по уходу civic ~ служба общественных работ;
участие( безработных) в общественных работах и в общественных службах civil alternative ~ альтернативная воинская служба на объектах общественного характер cleaning ~ служба по очистке территорий и удалению мусора client ~ обслуживание клиентов client ~ обслуживание клиентуры combined ~ смешанные перевозки community ~ государственная служба community ~ общинная служба community ~ социальное обеспечение complimentary limousine ~ бесплатное обслуживание автомобильным транспортом compulsory military ~ воинская повинность;
обязательная воинская служба в течение установленного законом срока consultative ~ консультативная служба consumer ~ обслуживание потребителей courier ~ услуги курьера customer ~ вчт. обслуживание клиентов customer ~ обслуживание покупателя customer ~ предоставление услуг покупателю datel ~ вчт. система передачи по телефону кодированой информации dealing ~ обслуживание биржевых операций delayed ~ вчт. обслуживание с ожиданием diffusion ~ служба распространения direct debiting ~ банковские услуги по оформлению безналичных платежей divine ~ богослужение drop-in ~ служба помощи без предварительной записи (оказывает помощь алкоголикам, наркоманам, бездомным) educational ~ служба обучения (воспитания, переподготовки, переквалификации) elapsed ~ вчт. обслуживание выполненное до прерывания emergency call ~ телефонная служба скорой помощи employment ~ служба занятости employment ~ служба занятости;
служба трудоустройства employment ~ служба по трудоустройству employment ~ служба трудоустройства environmental ~ экологическая служба escort ~ служба сопровождения;
караульная служба exempt from military ~ освобожденный от военной службы extention ~ служба распространения знаний farm relief ~ служба содействия фермерским хозяйствам ferry ~ паромное сообщение ferry ~ служба морских перевозок financial ~ финансовая консультационная фирма financial ~ финансовое обслуживание free ~ бесплатная услуга freight ~ грузовые перевозки freight ~ предоставление транспортных услуг friendly visiting ~s бесплатные услуги на дому( оказываемые благотворительными организациями или отдельными лицами) goods ~ доставка товаров government ~ государственная служба gratuitions ~ бесплатная служба home-help ~ служба помощи по дому hourly ~ транс. почасовое обслуживание 24 hours social ~s круглосуточные социальные службы housing ~ жилищная служба information ~ вчт. информационная служба information ~ служба информации interpreter ~ служба перевода;
служба переводчиков investment management ~ служба управления портфелем ценных бумаг investment ~ обслуживание инвестирования joint ~ совместное обслуживание limousine ~ прокат автомобиля с водителем line ~ рейсовое плавание mail ~ почтовая связь maximum debt ~ максимальная сумма процентов по долгу minimum debt ~ минимальное обслуживание долга municipal health ~ муниципальная служба здравоохранения national health ~ государственная служба здравоохранения news ~ служба новостей night ~ ночная служба non-military ~ невоенная служба, альтернативная гражданская служба non-military ~ невоенная служба nonpreemptive ~ вчт. обслуживание без прерывания nonpreferential ~ вчт. обслуживание без приоритета order booking ~ приказ об обслуживании ordered ~ вчт. обслуживание в порядке поступления ordinary ~ обычная услуга ordinary ~ обычное обслуживание out-patient ~ амбулаторное обслуживание outside ~ обслуживание силами посторонней организации parcel bulk ~ перевозка мелкой партии бестарного груза personal ~ личное вручение судебного приказа pharmaceutical ~ фармацевтмческая служба;
фармацевтическое ослуживание phase ~ вчт. многофазное обслуживание phase-type ~ вчт. многофазное обслуживание placement ~ биржа труда placement ~ бюро трудоустройства placement ~ служба занятости police ~ полицейская служба postal ~ почтовая связь postal ~ почтовая служба preemptive ~ вчт. обслуживание с прерыванием premium ~ услуга, предоставляемая за дополнительную плату priority ~ вчт. обслуживание с приоритетом probationary ~ служба, исполняющая приговор о направлении на "испытание" property ~ услуги по управлению имуществом provide a ~ обеспечивать обслуживание provide a ~ оказывать услугу public employment ~ государственная служба занятости purchased ~ оплаченная услуга put into ~ вводить в эксплуатацию put into ~ включать в работу quantum ~ вчт. обслуживание порциями referral ~ справочная служба regular ~ регулярное сообщение regular ~ регулярные рейсы salvage ~ услуги по спасанию ~ церк. служба;
to say a service отправлять богослужение security ~ служба безопасности selection for ~ выбор на обслуживание self-drive car-hire ~ прокат легкового автомобиля без водителя ~ attr. служебный;
service record послужной список ~ by letter судебное извещение путем направления письма ~ by post судебное извещение по почте ~ in batches вчт. групповое обслуживание ~ in bulk групповое обслуживание ~ in cyclic order обслуживание в циклическом порядке ~ in random order обслуживание в случайном порядке ~ loss coefficient коэффициент простоя вследствие обслуживания ~ of court notice to pay debt вручение уведомления суда об уплате долга ~ of notice вручение извещения ~ of process повестка ~ of process процессуальное извещение, повестка ~ of process процессуальное извещение ~ of public lands эксплуатация государственных земель ~ of summons извещение, повестка о вызове в суд ~ on loan погашение долга ~ on loan уплата долга ~ attr. служебный;
service record послужной список ~ time expectation математическое ожидание времени обслуживания ~ with privileged interruptions вчт. обслуживание с прерыванием ~ with waiting вчт. обслуживание с ожиданием ~ without interruption вчт. обслуживание без прерывания service = service-tree service-tree: service-tree бот. рябина домашняя ~ воен. род войск;
the (fighting) services армия, флот и военная авиация services: services обслуживающие отрасли экономики ~ сфера услуг ~ услуги shuttle ~ движение туда и обратно( поездов, автобусов и т. п.), маятниковое движение single ~ вчт. обслуживание одиночных требований sitting ~ служба по присмотру за детьми на время отсутствия дома родителей social ~ социальная служба;
социальное обслуживание social ~ социальная услуга social ~s социальные службы (например, службы здравоохранения, профилактики заболеванй и предотвращения несчастных случаев) services: social ~ общественные учреждения social ~ социальные услуги substituted ~ субститут личного вручения судебного приказа ~ служба;
to take into one's service нанимать;
to take service (with smb.) поступать на службу (к кому-л.) ~ служба;
to take into one's service нанимать;
to take service (with smb.) поступать на службу (к кому-л.) training ~ служба профподготовки transport ~ транспортная линия transport ~ транспортное обслуживание unarmed ~ альтернативная служба (вместо военной) useful ~ вчт. срок полезного использования videotex ~ служба видеотексной связи voluntary ~ добровольная служба, добровольное оказание услуг warranty ~ вчт. гарантийная наработка welfare ~ служба социального обеспечения -
9 stretch
1. transitive verb1) (lengthen, extend) strecken [Arm, Hand]; recken [Hals]; dehnen [Gummiband]; (spread) ausbreiten [Decke]; (tighten) spannenhe lay stretched out on the ground — er lag ausgestreckt auf dem Boden
stretch one's legs — (by walking) sich (Dat.) die Beine vertreten
2) (widen) dehnenstretch [out of shape] — ausweiten [Schuhe, Jacke]
3) (fig.): (make the most of) ausschöpfen [Reserve]; fordern [Person, Begabung]4) (fig.): (extend beyond proper limit) überschreiten [Befugnis, Grenzen des Anstands]; strapazieren (ugs.) [Geduld]; es nicht so genau nehmen mit [Gesetz, Bestimmung, Begriff, Grundsätzen]stretch the truth — [Aussage:] nicht ganz der Wahrheit entsprechen
2. intransitive verbstretch it/things — den Bogen überspannen
2) (have specified length) sich ausdehnenstretch from A to B — sich von A bis B erstrecken
3)stretch to something — (be sufficient for) für etwas reichen
3. reflexive verb 4. nouncould you stretch to £10? — hast du vielleicht sogar 10 Pfund?
1) (lengthening, drawing out)2) (exertion)at a stretch — (fig.) wenn es sein muss (see also academic.ru/18217/d">d)
a stretch of road/open country — ein Stück Straße/freies Gelände
4) (period)5. adjectivea four-hour stretch — eine [Zeit]spanne von vier Stunden
dehnbar; Stretch[hose, -gewebe]Phrasal Verbs:* * *[stre ] 1. verb1) (to make or become longer or wider especially by pulling or by being pulled: She stretched the piece of elastic to its fullest extent; His scarf was so long that it could stretch right across the room; This material stretches; The dog yawned and stretched (itself); He stretched (his arm/hand) up as far as he could, but still could not reach the shelf; Ask someone to pass you the jam instead of stretching across the table for it.) (sich) strecken2. noun1) (an act of stretching or state of being stretched: He got out of bed and had a good stretch.) das Strecken2) (a continuous extent, of eg a type of country, or of time: a pretty stretch of country; a stretch of bad road; a stretch of twenty years.) die Strecke, die Spanne•- stretcher- stretchy
- at a stretch
- be at full stretch
- stretch one's legs
- stretch out* * *[stretʃ]I. n<pl -es>2. (muscle extension) Dehnungsübungen pl, Strecken nt kein pl; (gymnastic exercise) Stretching nt kein pl; (extension of muscles) Dehnung fto have a \stretch sich akk [recken und] streckentraffic is at a standstill along a five-mile \stretch of the M11 auf der M11 gibt es einen fünf Meilen langen Stau\stretch of coast Küstenabschnitt m\stretch of land Stück nt Land\stretch of railway Bahnstrecke f\stretch of road Strecke fvast \stretches of wasteland ausgedehnte Flächen Ödland\stretch of water Wasserfläche fto enter the final \stretch in die Zielgerade einlaufenthe home \stretch die Zielgeradeshort \stretches kurze Zeitabschnitteat a \stretch am Stück, ohne Unterbrechungthere's no way I could work for ten hours at a \stretch ich könnte nie zehn Stunden am Stück arbeitento do a \stretch eine Haftstrafe absitzen famby every \stretch of the imagination unter Aufbietung aller Fantasienot by any [or by no] \stretch beim besten Willen nicht, nie im Leben famby no \stretch of the imagination could he be seriously described as an artist man konnte ihn beim besten Willen nicht als Künstler bezeichnenat full \stretch mit Volldampf [o voller Kraft] famto work at full \stretch auf Hochtouren arbeiten8.▶ down the \stretch AM kurz vor Ablauf der ZeitII. adj attr, inv Stretch-\stretch nylon stockings elastische NylonstrümpfeIII. vimy T-shirt's \stretched in the wash mein T-Shirt ist beim Waschen völlig ausgeleiertthe restoration work could \stretch from months into years die Renovierungsarbeiten könnten sich statt über Monate sogar noch über Jahre hinziehenthe dispute \stretches back over many years diese Streitereien dauern nun schon viele Jahrethis ancient tradition \stretches back hundreds of years diese alte Tradition reicht Hunderte von Jahren zurückthe refugee camps \stretch as far as the eye can see soweit das Auge reicht sieht man Flüchtlingslagerthe mountains \stretch the entire length of the country die Berge ziehen sich über die gesamte Länge des Landes hinIV. vt1. (extend)▪ to \stretch sth etw [aus]dehnen [o strecken]; (extend by pulling) etw dehnen; (tighten) etw straff ziehen [o straffen]that elastic band will snap if you \stretch it too far dieses Gummi[band] wird reißen, wenn du es überdehnstthey \stretched a rope across the river sie spannten ein Seil über den Flussto \stretch one's legs sich dat die Beine vertreten2. (increase number of portions)▪ to \stretch sth etw strecken; sauce, soup etw verlängern3. (demand a lot of)▪ to \stretch sb/sth jdn/etw bis zum Äußersten fordernwe're already fully \stretched wir sind schon voll ausgelastetmy job doesn't \stretch me as much as I'd like mein Beruf fordert mich nicht so, wie ich es mir wünschen würdeto \stretch sb's budget jds Budget strapazierento \stretch sb's patience jds Geduld auf eine harte Probe stellen [o geh strapazieren]to \stretch sth to breaking point etw bis zum Äußersten belastenmany families' budgets are already \stretched to breaking point viele Familien kommen mit dem Haushaltsgeld kaum noch über die Rundento \stretch one's lead seinen Vorsprung ausbauen; football, rugby mit noch mehr Toren in Führung gehen5. (go beyond)that is \stretching the definition of negotiation das hat mit dem, was man unter einer Verhandlung versteht, nichts mehr zu tunto \stretch a point (exaggerate) übertreibento \stretch it a bit [or the truth] ein wenig zu weit gehen, übertreiben* * *[stretʃ]1. nto have a stretch — sich strecken or dehnen; (person also) sich recken
to be at full stretch ( lit : material ) — bis zum Äußersten gedehnt sein; ( fig, person ) mit aller Kraft arbeiten; (factory etc) auf Hochtouren arbeiten (inf); (engine, production, work) auf Hochtouren laufen
2) (= elasticity) Elastizität f, Dehnbarkeit fa fabric with plenty of stretch — ein stark dehnbares or sehr elastisches Material
3) (= expanse of road etc) Strecke f, Stück nt; (on racecourse) Gerade f; (of wood, river, countryside etc) Stück nt; (of journey) Abschnitt m, Teil mthat stretch of water is called... — dieser Gewässerlauf heißt...
4) (= stretch of time) Zeit f, Zeitraum m, Zeitspanne ffor a long stretch of time — für (eine) lange Zeit, lange Zeit
to do a stretch ( inf, in prison ) — im Knast sein (inf)
2. adj attrdehnbar, elastisch3. vt1) (= extend, lengthen) strecken; (= widen) jumper, gloves also, elastic, shoes dehnen; (= spread) wings, blanket etc ausbreiten; (= tighten) rope, canvas spannena curtain was stretched across the room —
to stretch sth tight — etw straffen, etw straff ziehen; cover etw stramm ziehen
2) (= make go further) meal, money strecken; (= use fully) resources voll (aus)nutzen; credit voll beanspruchen; athlete, student etc fordern; one's abilities bis zum Äußersten fordernto stretch one's imagination — seine Fantasie anstrengen
to stretch sb/sth to the limit(s) — jdn/etw bis zum äußersten belasten
to be fully stretched ( esp Brit, person ) — voll ausgelastet sein
this clause/law could be stretched to allow... — diese Klausel/dieses Gesetz könnte so weit gedehnt werden, dass sie/es... zulässt
to stretch a point — ein Auge zudrücken, großzügig sein
that's stretching it too far/a bit (far) — das geht zu weit/fast zu weit
4. vi(after sleep etc) sich strecken; (= be elastic) sich dehnen, dehnbar sein; (= extend time, area, authority, influence) sich erstrecken (to bis, over über +acc = be enough food, money, material) reichen (to für); (= become looser) weiter werden; (= become longer) länger werdento stretch to reach sth — sich recken, um etw zu erreichen
a life of misery stretched (out) before her — vor ihr breitete sich ein Leben voll Kummer und Leid aus
5. vr1) (after sleep etc) sich strecken2) (= strain oneself) sich verausgabenif only he'd stretch himself a little — wenn er sich nur etwas anstrengen würde
* * *stretch [stretʃ]A v/t2. jemanden niederstrecken3. sl jemanden (auf)hängen5. ein Tuch, Seil, eine Saite etc spannen ( over über dat oder akk), straff ziehen, einen Teppich etc ausbreiten:b) er war voll ausgelastet6. strecken, (Hand)Schuhe etc (aus)weiten, besonders Hosen spannen, SPORT die Führung etc ausdehnen (to auf akk), SPORT die Verteidigung auseinanderziehen8. die Nerven, Muskeln anspannen9. aus-, überdehnen, ausbeulen10. fig überspannen, -treiben11. fig es mit der Wahrheit, einer Vorschrift etc nicht allzu genau nehmen, Regeln etc großzügig auslegen:stretch the imagination ziemlich unglaubwürdig sein;a) ein wenig zu weit gehen,b) es nicht allzu genau nehmen, ein Auge zudrücken umg;12. überbeanspruchen, seine Befugnisse, einen Kredit etc überschreitenB v/i2. stretch for langen nach3. sich erstrecken, sich hinziehen (to [bis] zu) (Gebirge etc, auch Zeit):4. a) sich dehnen (lassen)b) länger oder weiter werdena) ausschreiten,b) SPORT im gestreckten Galopp reiten,6. umg sich ins Zeug legen7. sl baumeln, hängenC s1. Dehnen n, Strecken n, Rekeln n:give o.s. a stretch, have a stretch → B 12. Strecken n, (Aus)Dehnen n, (-)Weiten n3. Spannen n4. Anspannung f, (Über)Anstrengung f:by any stretch of the English language bei großzügiger Auslegung der englischen Sprache;by every stretch of the imagination unter Aufbietung aller Fantasie;by no stretch of the imagination … es ist völlig unvorstellbar, dass …;at full stretch mit aller Kraft5. fig Überspannen n, -treiben n6. Überschreiten n (von Befugnissen etc)7. (Weg)Strecke f, Fläche f, Ausdehnung f8. SPORT (Ziel- etc) Gerade f9. have a stretch sich die Beine vertreten10. Zeit(raum) f(m), -spanne f:8 hours at a stretch 8 Stunden hintereinander;for long stretches of the game SPORT über weite Strecken des SpielsD adj dehnbar, Stretch…:stretch cover Spannbezug m;stretch nylon Stretchnylon n* * *1. transitive verb1) (lengthen, extend) strecken [Arm, Hand]; recken [Hals]; dehnen [Gummiband]; (spread) ausbreiten [Decke]; (tighten) spannenstretch one's legs — (by walking) sich (Dat.) die Beine vertreten
2) (widen) dehnenstretch [out of shape] — ausweiten [Schuhe, Jacke]
3) (fig.): (make the most of) ausschöpfen [Reserve]; fordern [Person, Begabung]4) (fig.): (extend beyond proper limit) überschreiten [Befugnis, Grenzen des Anstands]; strapazieren (ugs.) [Geduld]; es nicht so genau nehmen mit [Gesetz, Bestimmung, Begriff, Grundsätzen]stretch the truth — [Aussage:] nicht ganz der Wahrheit entsprechen
2. intransitive verbstretch it/things — den Bogen überspannen
1) (extend in length) sich dehnen; [Person, Tier:] sich strecken2) (have specified length) sich ausdehnen3)stretch to something — (be sufficient for) für etwas reichen
3. reflexive verb 4. nouncould you stretch to £10? — hast du vielleicht sogar 10 Pfund?
1) (lengthening, drawing out)2) (exertion)at a stretch — (fig.) wenn es sein muss (see also d)
3) (expanse, length) Abschnitt, dera stretch of road/open country — ein Stück Straße/freies Gelände
4) (period)5. adjectivea four-hour stretch — eine [Zeit]spanne von vier Stunden
dehnbar; Stretch[hose, -gewebe]Phrasal Verbs:* * *n.Ausdehnung f.Strecke -n f. v.aufspannen v.ausstrecken v.ausweiten v.dehnen v.sich erstrecken v.sich weiten v.spannen v.strecken v.weiten v. -
10 circuit
1) схема; цепь; контур2) линия3) канал4) сеть•- adapter circuit
- adjustment circuit
- alive circuit
- announcing circuit
- anode circuit
- antisidetone circuit
- asynchronous circuit
- automatic reset-data circuit
- automatic ringdown circuit
- automatic start circuit
- auxiliary circuit
- balanced circuit
- balanced-wire circuit
- balancing circuit
- band-switching circuit
- basic circuit
- black-level restoring circuit
- black-level stretch circuit
- bootstrap circuit
- branch circuit
- branched circuit
- bridge antisidetone circuit
- building-out circuit
- built-up circuit
- Buttler circuit
- bypass circuit
- cached circuit
- call circuit
- capacitor-coupled circuit
- capacitor-switched circuit
- capacitor-switching circuit
- central-battery circuit
- chain-type connection circuit
- character generator large-scale integration circuit
- charge-coupled device circuit
- check parity circuit
- checkout circuit
- chrominance matrix circuit
- chrominance separation circuit
- chrominance takeoff circuit
- clamp-on circuit
- closed circuit
- coarse phasing circuit
- coaxial circuit
- coincidence circuit
- color-balance circuit
- color-indexing circuit
- color-purity circuit
- combinational-circuit circuit
- combined-supply circuit
- common-base circuit
- common-battery circuit
- common-collector circuit
- common-drain circuit
- common-emitter circuit
- common-gate circuit
- common-source circuit
- common-user circuit
- communication circuit
- comparing circuit
- compensating antisidetone circuit
- complemental metal-oxide-semiconductor circuit
- composite circuit
- conductor-bundled static wire circuit
- conference circuit
- connecting circuit
- constant-closed circuit
- contactor-relay circuit
- continental circuit
- convergence circuit
- cord circuit
- correcting circuit
- Costas circuit
- counter-coupling circuit
- counting-down circuit
- coupled circuit
- cross-bus matrix circuit
- crossed-waveguide circuit
- cue circuit
- cutoff circuit
- Darlingtone circuit
- data circuit
- data-transmission circuit
- dc restoration circuit
- decoder circuit
- delay circuit
- demodulation circuit
- dial-up circuit
- diamond circuit
- differencing circuit
- differential-frequency circuit
- digital circuit
- digital-excitation circuit
- digital-leased circuit
- diode-clamping circuit
- diode-clipping circuit
- diode-stabilitron circuit
- direct international circuit
- direct-connection circuit
- direct-transit international circuit
- direct-wire circuit
- double half-wave circuit
- double-ended cord circuit
- double-loop circuit
- dual circuit
- earth circuit
- earthed circuit
- echo-absorption circuit
- edge derivation circuit
- electric circuit
- electronic circuit
- elementary circuit
- encoding circuit
- energized circuit
- engineering circuit
- equivalent circuit
- error-subtracting circuit
- external circuit
- fallback circuit
- feed circuit
- feedback circuit
- fiber-optic circuit
- fire-control circuit
- fixed-virtual circuit
- flexible circuit
- flexible-stage circuit
- flywheel circuit
- forked circuit
- four-wire circuit
- frame scanning circuit
- frequency-changing circuit
- frequency-protection circuit
- full-accessible circuit
- full-period allocated circuit
- functional-switching circuit
- gallium-arsenide integrated circuit
- gating circuit
- generating circuit
- Gilbert circuit
- Grets circuit
- grid circuit
- ground-return circuit
- grouping circuit
- half-bridge circuit
- half-wave circuit
- hardened circuit
- head circuit
- HF-correction circuit
- holding circuit
- horizontal deflection circuit
- hybrid circuit
- hypothetical reference circuit
- idle lighting limiting circuit
- inclined adjustment circuit
- incoming circuit
- independent circuit
- inductive circuit
- input circuit
- input-by-output matrix circuit
- inquiry circuit
- integrated circuit
- integrating circuit
- interchange circuit
- interface-integrated circuit
- interferenced circuit
- interferencing circuit
- international leased circuit
- interstage coupling circuit
- invertor circuit
- ISDN echo cancellation circuit
- isochronic circuit
- Jiakoletto circuit
- junction circuit
- Karp circuit
- keep-alive circuit
- key section power circuit
- killer circuit
- ladder circuit
- lamp circuit
- large-scale integration circuit
- latched circuit
- LCR circuit
- lead changeover circuit
- LF-correction circuit
- line circuit
- linear circuit
- link circuit
- live circuit
- local circuit
- lock-in circuit
- locking circuit
- lock-out circuit
- long circuit
- long-distance circuit
- longitudinal circuit
- loop circuit
- lossless resonant circuit
- L-shaped circuit
- magnetic convergence circuit
- main supply circuit
- make circuit
- Marx circuit
- match circuit
- matching circuit
- matrix circuit
- message circuit
- microelectronic circuit
- microphone supply circuit
- multidrop circuit
- multijunctor circuit
- multiloop circuit
- multipoint circuit
- muting circuit
- neodymium magnetic circuit
- neutral circuit
- neutralization circuit
- neutralizing circuit
- noise-rejecting circuit
- noise-suicide circuit
- nonlinear circuit
- NOT circuit
- on-call circuit
- open circuit
- optoelectronic integrated circuit
- OR circuit
- order wire circuits
- OR-ELSE circuit
- oscillating circuit
- oscillation circuit
- output circuit
- output voltage tracking circuit
- packaged circuit
- paging circuit
- parallel circuit
- partially accessible circuit
- peaking circuit
- periodic closed circuit
- phantom circuit
- phase comparating circuit
- phase compensating circuit
- phase-shift circuit
- phase-substitution circuit
- physical circuit
- pilot circuit
- pilot-make-busy circuit
- planar circuit
- point-to-point circuit
- polling circuit
- polyphase circuit
- power circuit
- power-supply circuit
- precision phasing circuit
- primary circuit
- printed circuit
- private leased circuit
- protection circuit
- pulse-phase control circuit
- push-to-talk circuit
- push-to-type circuit
- quenching circuit
- quiet-tuning circuit
- radial supply circuit
- radio circuit
- RC circuit
- reactance control circuit
- reading circuit
- rectification circuit
- reference circuit
- rejecting circuit
- relay cutout circuit
- remote control circuit
- remote-ring circuit
- repeat circuit
- reset circuit
- resonance circuit
- resonant circuit
- reverse circuit
- reverse diode circuit
- ring circuit
- ringing circuit
- sample-and-hold circuit
- scaling circuit
- Scott circuit
- secondary circuit
- section substitution circuit
- selecting circuit
- selective circuit
- self-locked circuit
- series circuit
- series-oscillating circuit
- series-parallel circuit
- series-peaking circuit
- series-tuned circuit
- shaping circuit
- shaved single frequency circuit
- short circuit
- shunt circuit
- shunting circuit
- shunt-peaking circuit
- side circuit
- signal circuit
- signal processing circuit
- signal recovery circuit
- single-current circuit
- single-ended push-pull circuit
- single-frequency resonance circuit
- single-phase bridge circuit
- single-phase circuit
- snap-acting circuit
- solving circuit
- sound-program circuit
- spark-safe circuit
- speech circuit
- speed regulating circuit
- squaring circuit
- stabilizer circuit
- stable circuit
- stage circuit
- stage control circuit
- standard cable circuit
- standard circuit
- standby circuit
- stenode circuit
- storage large-scale integration circuit
- storage locking circuit
- straightforward circuit
- strap magnetic circuit
- strip-line circuit
- super large scale integration circuit
- superimposed circuit
- superposed circuit
- supply circuit
- sweep circuit
- switched circuit
- switching circuit
- symistor control circuit
- synchronous circuit
- tail circuit
- talk-back circuit
- tandem data circuit
- tank circuit
- tapped magnetic circuit
- tapped stage circuit
- telecommunication circuit
- telecommunication-protection circuit
- telegraph circuit
- telegraph grade circuit
- telegraph signal generating circuit
- telephone circuit
- telephone signal generating circuit
- telesignaling receiving circuit
- telesignaling sending circuit
- television circuit
- terminal circuit
- test circuit
- testing circuit
- third circuit
- three-loop circuit
- three-phase input circuit
- three-wire circuit
- through circuit
- thyristor control circuit
- time protection circuit
- time-delay circuit
- time-interval protection circuit
- time-setting circuit
- timing circuit
- toll circuit
- touch sensing circuit
- touch tone dial circuit
- transformer substitution circuit
- transformer-coupled circuit
- transistor clipping circuit
- transistor collector circuit
- transistor control circuit
- transistor protection circuit
- tributary circuit
- triode clamp circuit
- trunk circuit
- T-shaped circuit
- tuned circuit
- twelve-pulse circuit
- two-frequency resonance circuit
- two-loop circuit
- two-wire-ground circuit
- uniform circuit
- unstable circuit
- untapped circuit
- untapped magnetic circuit
- U-shaped circuit
- variometer controlling circuit
- video circuit
- virtual circuit
- voice circuit
- voltage multiplying circuit
- voltage sensor circuit
- watching output circuit
- wideband circuit
- wire circuit
- wired circuitEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > circuit
-
11 boom
I noun1) (for camera or microphone) Ausleger, der2) (Naut.) Baum, der3) (floating barrier) [schwimmende] AbsperrungII 1. intransitive verb1) dröhnen; [Kanone, Wellen, Brandung:] dröhnen, donnern2) [Geschäft, Verkauf, Stadt, Gebiet:] sich sprunghaft entwickeln; [Preise, Aktien:] rapide steigen2. nounbusiness is booming — das Geschäft boomt od. erlebt einen Boom; die Geschäfte florieren
Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/84768/boom_out">boom out* * *I 1. [bu:m] noun(a sudden increase in a business etc: a boom in the sales of TV sets.) der Aufschwung2. verb II 1. [bu:m] verb((often with out) to make a hollow sound, like a large drum or gun: His voice boomed out over the loudspeaker.) dröhnen2. noun(such a sound.) das Dröhnen* * *boom1[bu:m]\boom and bust rascher Aufschwung, dem der Zusammenbruch folgta consumer/property \boom ein Konsum-/Immobilienboom ma \boom in the sale of property [or in the property market] ein Immobilienboom m\boom phase Haussephase f\boom share steigende Aktiea \boom time Hochkonjunktur fa \boom town eine aufstrebende Stadta \boom year ein Jahr nt des Aufschwungsthe \boom years die Jahre wirtschaftlichen Aufschwungsboom2[bu:m]II. vi▪ to \boom [out] dröhnenIII. vt▪ to \boom [out] sth etw mit dröhnender Stimme befehlenboom3[bu:m]n3. FILM, TV Galgen m* * *I [buːm]n4) (for microphone) Galgen mII1. n(of sea, waves, wind) Brausen nt; (of thunder) Hallen nt; (of guns) Donnern nt; (of organ, voice) Dröhnen nt2. vi1) (sea, wind) brausen; (thunder) hallen3. interjbum III1. vi(trade, sales) einen Aufschwung nehmen, boomen (inf); (prices) anziehen, in die Höhe schnellenbusiness is booming — das Geschäft blüht or floriert
2. n(of business fig) Boom m, Aufschwung m; (= period of economic growth) Hochkonjunktur f; (of prices) Preissteigerung f* * *boom1 [buːm]A s1. Dröhnen n, Donner m, Brausen n:2. Schrei mB v/i1. dröhnen (Stimme etc), donnern (Geschütz etc), brausen (Wellen etc)2. schreien (Rohrdommel etc)boom2 [buːm] s2. SCHIFF Baum m, Spiere f:fore boom Schonerbaum3. pl SCHIFF Barring f4. US Schwimmbaum m (zum Auffangen des Floßholzes)5. TECH Ausleger m (eines Krans), Ladebaum mboom3 [buːm]A s1. WIRTSCH Boom m:a) Hochkonjunktur fc) (plötzlicher) (wirtschaftlicher oder geschäftlicher) Aufschwung, sprunghafte Entwicklung:boom market Haussemarkt m;boom town Stadt, die sich sprunghaft entwickelt;boom years Jahre der Hochkonjunktur;2. besonders USa) Reklamerummel m, (aufdringliche) Propaganda, Stimmungsmache f (besonders für einen Wahlkandidaten)b) anwachsende Stimmung für einen Kandidaten3. besonders USa) kometenhafter AufstiegB v/i1. WIRTSCH boomen:a) einen Boom erleben, Hochkonjunktur habenb) einen (plötzlichen) (wirtschaftlichen oder geschäftlichen) Aufschwung nehmen, sich sprunghaft entwickeln (Stadt etc)C v/t1. hochpeitschen, zu einer rapiden (Aufwärts)Entwicklung zwingen, Preise (künstlich) in die Höhe treiben2. besonders US die Werbetrommel rühren für* * *I noun1) (for camera or microphone) Ausleger, der2) (Naut.) Baum, der3) (floating barrier) [schwimmende] AbsperrungII 1. intransitive verb1) dröhnen; [Kanone, Wellen, Brandung:] dröhnen, donnern2) [Geschäft, Verkauf, Stadt, Gebiet:] sich sprunghaft entwickeln; [Preise, Aktien:] rapide steigen2. nounbusiness is booming — das Geschäft boomt od. erlebt einen Boom; die Geschäfte florieren
1) (of gun, waves) Dröhnen, das; Donnern, dasPhrasal Verbs:- boom out* * *(sailing ships) n.Baum ¨-e m. n.Andrang -¨e m.Aufschwung m.Boom -s m.Brausen - n.Donner m.Dröhnen -reien n.Hochkonjunktur f.Konjunktur f.boomen v.brausen (Wellen) v.donnern v.dröhnen v.einen Boom erleben ausdr. -
12 response
1. реакция; реагирование; отклик; ответ(ное действие); выходной сигнал; срабатывание; возмущенное движение <ЛА>/ реагировать; отвечать3. характеристика; зависимость; (динамические) характеристики4. приемистость < двигателя>response due to longitudinal stick commandresponse due to rudder inputresponse in sideslipresponse in turnresponse of stick position to stick forceresponse to turbulenceabrupt responseacceleration responseactuator responseaerodynamic responseaeroelastic responseaircraft responseairspeed responsealpha responsealpha-ramp responseamplitude responseangle-of-attack responseangular responseattitude to stick force responsebase-excitation responsebeam responseblade responsebrake responsebuffet responsebuffeting responseC* responsechord responseclosed-loop responseclosed-loop frequency responsecommand responsecommanded responsecomputer responsecomputer-triggered responsecontrol responsecontrol surface responsecontrol-system responsecoupled responsecrisp responsedamped responsedamper responsedead-beat responsedecoupled responsedisplacement responsedivergent responsediverging responsedoublet responseDutch roll responsedynamic responseedgewise responseelastic responseelastodynamic responseexperimental responsefilter responseflap responseflat amplitude responseflexible responseflight responseflight path to stick force frequency responseflight path responseflight path angle responseforced responsefracture responsefree responsefree-flight responsefrequency responsefull-scale responsefull-state responsefull-elevator responseg responseglideslope responsegust responseheave responseHeaviside responsehelicopter responsehigh-frequency responsehigh-overshoot responsehorizontal tail deflection responsehorizontal tail rate responseimpact responseimpulse responsein-phase responseindicial responseinelastic responseinstantaneous responsejamming responselanding gear responselarge-amplitude responselateral responselateral stick responselateral-directional responselead-lag responselift responselift coefficient responseload responseload factor responselong term responselong-period responselongitudinal responseloop frequency responselow-overshoot responsemaneuver responsemaneuvering responsemaximum control responsemid-frequency responsemodel responsemodel-following responsemotor responsenon-Gaussian responsenormal acceleration responsenz responseoff-axis responseon-axis responseopen-loop responseopen-loop frequency responseoscillatory responseout-of-phase responseoverly sensitive responsephase responsephugoid responsephysiologic responsepiloted responsepitch responsepitch axis responsepitch command responsepitch rate responsepitch attitude responsepointing responsepower responserate-independent plastic responseresonant responseresonator responserigid body mode responseroll responseroll axis responseroll rate responserolling responserolling axis responserough airfield responserudder pedal responsesharp responseshort term responseshort-period responseshort-period dynamic responseside-slip responsesideforce responsesimulated responsesimulator responsesluggish responsespectral responsespoiler responsesprung mass responsestatic responsesteady-state responsestep responsestep-function responsestrain responsestress responsestructural-acoustic responsesubharmonic responsethrust responsetime responsetorsional responsetracking responsetrailing-edge deflection responsetrailing-edge rate responsetransient responsetrim responseturbulence responseturbulence-excited responsetwo-per-rev responseundamped responseunstable responsevehicle responsevelocity responsevertical responsevestibular responsevibration responsevibrational responsevibratory responsewell-damped responsewing responsewing beam responsewing rock type responseyaw responseyawing response -
13 stage
I
1. stei‹ noun(a raised platform especially for performing or acting on, eg in a theatre.)
2. verb1) (to prepare and produce (a play etc) in a theatre etc: This play was first staged in 1928.)2) (to organize (an event etc): The protesters are planning to stage a demonstration.)•- staging- stage direction
- stage fright
- stagehand
- stage manager
- stagestruck
II stei‹1) (a period or step in the development of something: The plan is in its early stages; At this stage, we don't know how many survivors there are.)2) (part of a journey: The first stage of our journey will be the flight to Singapore.)3) (a section of a bus route.)4) (a section of a rocket.)•stage n1. etapa / fase2. escenariothe audience went crazy when the band came on stage el público enloqueció cuando el grupo salió al escenariotr[steɪʤ]1 (point, period) etapa, fase nombre femenino2 (of journey, race) etapa; (day's journey) jornada3 (in theatre) escenario, escena; (raised platform) plataforma, tablado, estrado■ what time do you go on stage? ¿a qué hora sales al escenario?4 figurative use (scene of action) escena5 (of rocket) fase nombre femenino6 familiar (stagecoach) diligencia1 SMALLTHEATRE/SMALL poner en escena, montar, representar2 (hold, carry out) llevar a cabo, efectuar; (arrange) organizar, montar1 (the theatre) el teatro, las tablas nombre femenino plural\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLby stages / in stages por etapasto set the stage for something crear el marco para algostage direction acotación nombre femeninostage door entrada de artistasstage fright miedo a salir a escena, miedo escénicostage manager director,-ra de escenastage name nombre nombre masculino artísticostage whisper aparte nombre masculinostage n1) platform: estrado m, tablado m, escenario m (de un teatro)2) phase, step: fase f, etapa fstage of development: fase de desarrolloin stages: por etapas3)the stage : el teatro mstage (Theater, TV)n.• escenario (ESP) s.m.n.• cadalso s.m.• entablado s.m.• escena s.f.• estadio s.m.• estrado s.m.• etapa s.f.• fase (Aeronáutica) s.f.• jalón s.m.• plataforma s.f.• posta s.f.• tablado s.m.• tiempo s.m.v.• efectuar v.• organizar v.• representar v.
I steɪdʒ1)a) ( platform) tablado m; ( in theater) escenario mto go on stage — salir* a escena or al escenario
to set the stage for something — crear el marco para algo; (before n)
stage designer — escenógrafo, -fa m,f
stage door — entrada f de artistas
b) ( medium)c) ( profession)the stage — el teatro, las tablas (period)
to go on the stage — hacerse* actor/actriz; (before n) < actress> de teatro
stage name — nombre m artístico
2) (in development, activity) fase f, etapa fI'd reached the stage where I didn't care any more — había llegado a un punto en que ya no me importaba
to do something in stages — hacer* algo por etapas
3) ( of rocket) fase f
II
1)a) \<\<event\>\> organizar*, montar; \<\<strike/demonstration\>\> hacer*; \<\<attack\>\> llevar a cabo, perpetrar; \<\<coup\>\> dar*b) (engineer, arrange) arreglar, orquestar2) ( Theat) \<\<play\>\> poner* en escena, representar[steɪdʒ]1. N2) (Theat) escenario mto go on stage — salir a escena or al escenario
stage left/right — la parte del escenario a la izquierda/derecha del actor (de cara al público)
the stage — (as profession) el teatro
to go on the stage — hacerse actor/actriz
- set the stage for sththe stage was set for a political showdown — se había creado el marco idóneo para una confrontación política
3) (fig) (=scene) escena fat this stage in the negotiations — en esta etapa or a estas alturas de las negociaciones
the project is still in its early stages — el proyecto se encuentra todavía en su fase or etapa inicial
committeein or by easy stages — en etapas or fases cortas
5) [of rocket] fase f ; [of pipeline] tramo m6) (=stagecoach) diligencia f2. VT1) (Theat) [+ play] representar, poner en escena2) (=organize) [+ concert, festival] organizar, montar3) (=carry out) [+ protest] organizar; [+ demonstration, strike] hacer; [+ attack] lanzarthe sixties rock legend is staging a comeback — la leyenda rockera de los sesenta prepara una vuelta a escena
sterling has staged a recovery on foreign exchange markets — la libra esterlina ha experimentado una mejora en los mercados de divisas extranjeros
4) pej (=orchestrate) montar, organizarthat was no accident, it was staged — eso no fue ningún accidente, estaba montado or organizado
3.CPDstage adaptation N — adaptación f teatral
stage designer N — escenógrafo(-a) m / f
stage direction N — acotación f
stage director N — = stage manager
stage door N — entrada f de artistas
stage fright N — miedo m a las tablas or al escenario, miedo m escénico
to get stage fright — ponerse nervioso al salir a las tablas or al escenario
stage manager N — director(a) m / f de escena
stage name N — nombre m artístico
stage presence N — presencia f en el escenario
stage show N — espectáculo m
stage whisper N — aparte m
* * *
I [steɪdʒ]1)a) ( platform) tablado m; ( in theater) escenario mto go on stage — salir* a escena or al escenario
to set the stage for something — crear el marco para algo; (before n)
stage designer — escenógrafo, -fa m,f
stage door — entrada f de artistas
b) ( medium)c) ( profession)the stage — el teatro, las tablas (period)
to go on the stage — hacerse* actor/actriz; (before n) < actress> de teatro
stage name — nombre m artístico
2) (in development, activity) fase f, etapa fI'd reached the stage where I didn't care any more — había llegado a un punto en que ya no me importaba
to do something in stages — hacer* algo por etapas
3) ( of rocket) fase f
II
1)a) \<\<event\>\> organizar*, montar; \<\<strike/demonstration\>\> hacer*; \<\<attack\>\> llevar a cabo, perpetrar; \<\<coup\>\> dar*b) (engineer, arrange) arreglar, orquestar2) ( Theat) \<\<play\>\> poner* en escena, representar -
14 Empire, Portuguese overseas
(1415-1975)Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:• Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).• Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.• West Africa• Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.• Middle EastSocotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.• India• Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.• Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.• East Indies• Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas
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15 date
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16 point
point [pɔɪnt]pointe ⇒ 1 (a) point ⇒ 1 (b), 1 (c), 1 (e), 1 (f),1(i)-(l), 1 (n), 1 (o) endroit ⇒ 1 (c) moment ⇒ 1 (d) essentiel ⇒ 1 (g) but ⇒ 1 (h) virgule ⇒ 1 (m) diriger ⇒ 2 (a) pointer ⇒ 2 (a) indiquer ⇒ 2 (b) montrer du doigt ⇒ 3 (a)1 noun(a) (tip → of sword, nail, pencil etc) pointe f;∎ trim one end of the stick into a point taillez un des bouts de la branche en pointe;∎ his beard ended in a neat point sa barbe était soigneusement taillée en pointe;∎ draw a star with five points dessinez une étoile à cinq branches;∎ a dog with white points un chien aux pattes et aux oreilles blanches;∎ an eight-point stag un cerf huit cors;∎ to dance on points faire des pointes;∎ on (full) point (ballet dancer) sur la pointe;∎ on demi-point (ballet dancer) sur la demi-pointe;∎ not to put too fine a point on it… pour dire les choses clairement…(b) (small dot) point m;∎ a tiny point of light un minuscule point de lumière(c) (specific place) point m, endroit m, lieu m;∎ intersection point point m d'intersection;∎ meeting point (sign) point rencontre;∎ the runners have passed the halfway point les coureurs ont dépassé la mi-parcours;∎ we're back to our point of departure or our starting point nous sommes revenus au ou à notre point de départ;∎ the point where the accident occurred l'endroit où l'accident a eu lieu;∎ at that point you'll see a church on the left à ce moment-là, vous verrez une église sur votre gauche;∎ the terrorists claim they can strike at any point in the country les terroristes prétendent qu'ils peuvent frapper n'importe où dans le pays;∎ the bus service to Dayton and points west le service de bus à destination de Dayton et des villes situées plus à l'ouest;∎ points south of here get little rainfall les régions situées au sud d'ici n'ont pas une grande pluviosité∎ the country is at a critical point in its development le pays traverse une période ou phase critique de son développement;∎ we are at a critical point nous voici à un point critique;∎ there comes a point when a decision has to be made il arrive un moment où il faut prendre une décision;∎ when it comes to the point of actually doing it quand vient le moment de passer à l'acte;∎ when it came to the point quand le moment critique est arrivé;∎ at one point in the discussion à un moment de la discussion;∎ at one point in my travels au cours de mes voyages;∎ at one point, I thought the roof was going to cave in à un moment (donné), j'ai cru que le toit allait s'effondrer;∎ at one point in the book à un moment donné dans le livre;∎ at this point the phone rang c'est alors que le téléphone a sonné, à ce moment-là le téléphone a sonné;∎ at that point, I was still undecided à ce moment-là, je n'avais pas encore pris de décision;∎ at that point in China's history à ce moment précis de l'histoire de la Chine;∎ it's too late by this point il est déjà trop tard à l'heure qu'il est;∎ by that point, I was too tired to move j'étais alors tellement fatigué que je ne pouvais plus bouger(e) (stage in development or process) point m;∎ she had reached the point of wanting a divorce elle en était (arrivée) au point de vouloir divorcer;∎ thank God we haven't reached that point! Dieu merci, nous n'en sommes pas (encore arrivés) là!;∎ to reach the point of no return atteindre le point de non-retour;∎ to be at the point of death être sur le point de mourir;∎ the conflict has gone beyond the point where negotiations are possible le conflit a atteint le stade où toute négociation est impossible;∎ the regime is on the point of collapse le régime est au bord de l'effondrement;∎ I was on the point of admitting everything j'étais sur le point de tout avouer;∎ she had worked to the point of exhaustion elle avait travaillé jusqu'à l'épuisement;∎ he was jealous to the point of madness sa jalousie confinait à la folie;∎ he stuffed himself to the point of being sick il s'est gavé à en être malade(f) (for discussion or debate) point m;∎ a seven-point memorandum un mémorandum en sept points;∎ let's go on to the next point passons à la question suivante ou au point suivant;∎ on this point we disagree sur ce point nous ne sommes pas d'accord;∎ I want to emphasize this point je voudrais insister sur ce point;∎ are there any points I haven't covered? y a-t-il des questions que je n'ai pas abordées?;∎ to make or to raise a point faire une remarque;∎ to make the point that… faire remarquer que… + indicative;∎ my point or the point I'm making is that… là où je veux en venir c'est que…;∎ all right, you've made your point! d'accord, on a compris!;∎ the points raised in her article les points qu'elle soulève dans son article;∎ the main points to keep in mind les principaux points à garder à l'esprit;∎ let me illustrate my point laissez-moi illustrer mon propos;∎ to prove his point he showed us a photo pour prouver ses affirmations, il nous a montré une photo;∎ I see or take your point je vois ce que vous voulez dire ou où vous voulez en venir;∎ point taken! c'est juste!;∎ he may not be home - you've got a point there! il n'est peut-être pas chez lui - ça c'est vrai!;∎ the fact that he went to the police is a point in his favour/a point against him le fait qu'il soit allé à la police est un bon/mauvais point pour lui;∎ I corrected her on a point of grammar je l'ai corrigée sur un point de grammaire;∎ she was disqualified on a technical point elle a été disqualifiée pour ou sur une faute technique;∎ to make a point of doing sth tenir à faire qch;∎ he made a point of speaking to her il a tenu à lui adresser la parole;∎ kindly make a point of remembering next time faites-moi le plaisir de ne pas oublier la prochaine fois∎ I get the point je comprends, je vois;∎ the point is (that) we're overloaded with work le fait est que nous sommes débordés de travail;∎ we're getting off or away from the point nous nous éloignons ou écartons du sujet;∎ that's the (whole) point! (that's the problem) c'est là (tout) le problème!; (that's the aim) c'est ça, le but!;∎ that's not the point! là n'est pas la question!;∎ the money is/your feelings are beside the point l'argent n'a/vos sentiments n'ont rien à voir là-dedans;∎ get or come to the point! dites ce que vous avez à dire!, ne tournez pas autour du pot!;∎ I'll come straight to the point je serai bref;∎ to keep to the point ne pas s'écarter du sujet∎ the point of the game is to get rid of all your cards le but du jeu est de se débarrasser de toutes ses cartes;∎ there's no point in asking him now ça ne sert à rien ou ce n'est pas la peine de le lui demander maintenant;∎ what's the point of all this? à quoi ça sert tout ça?;∎ I don't see the point (of re-doing it) je ne vois pas l'intérêt (de le refaire);∎ oh, what's the point anyway! oh, et puis à quoi bon, après tout!(i) (feature, characteristic) point m;∎ the boss has his good points le patron a ses bons côtés;∎ it's my weak/strong point c'est mon point faible/fort;∎ her strong point is her sense of humour son point fort, c'est son sens de l'humour;∎ tact has never been one of your strong points la délicatesse n'a jamais été ton fort∎ the Dow Jones index is up/down two points l'indice Dow Jones a augmenté/baissé de deux points;∎ who scored the winning point? qui a marqué le point gagnant?;∎ an ace is worth 4 points un as vaut 4 points;∎ to win/to lead on points (in boxing) gagner/mener aux points;∎ American familiar to make points with sb (find favour with) faire bonne impression à qn□ ;∎ School merit points bons points mpl;∎ points competition (in cycling) classement m par points(k) (on compass) point m;∎ the four points of the compass les quatre points mpl cardinaux;∎ the 32 points of the compass les 32 points mpl de la rose des vents;∎ to alter course 16 points venir de 16 quarts;∎ our people were scattered to all points of the compass notre peuple s'est retrouvé éparpillé aux quatre coins du monde∎ a straight line between two points une droite reliant deux points(m) (in decimals) virgule f;∎ five point one cinq virgule un(n) (punctuation mark) point m;∎ three or ellipsis points points mpl de suspension∎ 6-point type caractères mpl de 6 points∎ (power) point prise f (de courant);∎ eight-point distributor (in engine) distributeur m (d'allumage) à huit plots∎ points aiguillage m(t) (on backgammon board) flèche f, pointe f(a) (direct, aim → vehicle) diriger; (→ flashlight, hose) pointer, braquer; (→ finger) pointer, tendre; (→ telescope) diriger, braquer;∎ to point one's finger at sb/sth montrer qn/qch du doigt;∎ he pointed his finger accusingly at Gus il pointa un doigt accusateur vers Gus, il montra ou désigna Gus d'un doigt accusateur;∎ to point a gun at sb braquer une arme sur qn;∎ he pointed the rifle/the camera at me il braqua le fusil/l'appareil photo sur moi;∎ she pointed the truck towards the garage elle tourna le camion vers le garage;∎ he pointed the boat out to sea il a mis le cap vers le large;∎ if anybody shows up, just point them in my direction si quelqu'un arrive, tu n'as qu'à me l'envoyer;∎ just point me in the right direction dites-moi simplement quelle direction je dois prendre;∎ just point him to the nearest bar tu n'as qu'à lui indiquer le chemin du bar le plus proche∎ to point the way indiquer la direction ou le chemin; figurative montrer le chemin, indiquer la direction à suivre;∎ he pointed the way to future success il a montré le chemin de la réussite;∎ her research points the way to a better understanding of the phenomenon ses recherches vont permettre une meilleure compréhension du phénomène;∎ they point the way (in) which reform must go ils indiquent la direction dans laquelle les réformes doivent aller∎ to point one's toes tendre le pied(e) (sharpen → stick, pencil) tailler(f) Linguistics mettre des signes diacritiques à∎ to point at or to or towards sth montrer qch du doigt;∎ she pointed left elle fit un signe vers la gauche;∎ he pointed back down the corridor il fit un signe vers le fond du couloir;∎ he pointed at or to me with his pencil il pointa son crayon vers moi;∎ he was pointing at me son doigt était pointé vers moi;∎ it's rude to point ce n'est pas poli de montrer du doigt(b) (road sign, needle on dial)∎ the signpost points up the hill le panneau est tourné vers le haut de la colline;∎ a compass needle always points north l'aiguille d'une boussole indique toujours le nord;∎ the weather vane is pointing north la girouette est orientée au nord;∎ when the big hand points to twelve quand la grande aiguille est sur le douze∎ hold the gun with the barrel pointing downwards tenez le canon de l'arme pointé vers le bas;∎ the rifle/the camera was pointing straight at me la carabine/la caméra était braquée sur moi;∎ point your flashlight over there éclaire là-bas;∎ insert the disk with the arrow pointing right insérez la disquette, la flèche pointée ou pointant vers la droite;∎ the aerial should be pointing in the direction of the transmitter l'antenne devrait être tournée dans la direction de ou tournée vers l'émetteur;∎ he walks with his feet pointing outwards il marche les pieds en dehorspour l'instant;∎ no more details are available at this point in time pour l'instant, nous ne disposons pas d'autres détailsen fait, à vrai direpertinentjusqu'à un certain point;∎ did the strategy succeed? - up to a point est-ce que la stratégie a réussi? - dans une certaine mesure;∎ productivity can be increased up to a point la productivité peut être augmentée jusqu'à un certain point;∎ she can be persuaded, but only up to a point il est possible de la convaincre, mais seulement jusqu'à un certain point►► Marketing point of delivery lieu m de livraison;British point duty (of police officer, traffic warden) service m de la circulation;∎ to be on point duty diriger la circulation;point guard (in basketball) meneur(euse) m,f;point of intersection point m d'intersection;point of order point m de procédure;∎ he rose on a point of order il a demandé la parole pour soulever un point de procédure;American point man (in the forefront) précurseur m;Computing point of presence point m de présence, point m d'accès;Marketing point of purchase lieu m d'achat, lieu m de vente;point of reference point m de référence;Marketing point of sale lieu m de vente, point m de vente;∎ at the point of sale sur le lieu de vente;point shoes (for ballet) (chaussons mpl à) pointes fpl;Typography & Computing point size corps m;point source source f ponctuelle;point of view Television & Cinema angle m du regard; (opinion) point m de vue, opinion f;∎ from my point of view, it doesn't make much difference en ce qui me concerne, ça ne change pas grand-chose;∎ to consider sth from all points of view considérer qch sous tous ses aspects;point work (of ballet dancer) pointes fplMathematics (decimals) séparer par une virgule(a) (indicate) indiquer, montrer;∎ I'll point the church out to you as we go by je vous montrerai ou vous indiquerai l'église quand nous passerons devant∎ she pointed out several mistakes to us elle nous a signalé plusieurs erreurs, elle a attiré notre attention sur plusieurs erreurs;∎ I'd like to point out that it was my idea in the first place je vous ferai remarquer que l'idée est de moi;∎ might I point out that…? permettez-moi de vous faire observer ou remarquer que…;∎ he pointed out that two people were missing il fit remarquer qu'il manquait deux personnes∎ the facts point to only one conclusion les faits ne permettent qu'une seule conclusion;∎ all the evidence points to him toutes les preuves indiquent que c'est lui;∎ everything points to CIA involvement tout indique que la CIA est impliquée(b) (call attention to) attirer l'attention sur;∎ ecologists point to the destruction of forest land les écologistes attirent notre attention sur la destruction des forêts;∎ they proudly point to the government's record ils invoquent avec fierté le bilan du gouvernement(of person, report) souligner, mettre l'accent sur; (of event) faire ressortir;∎ his account points up the irony of the defeat son exposé met l'accent sur l'ironie de la défaite;∎ the accident points up the need for closer cooperation l'accident fait ressortir le besoin d'une coopération plus étroite -
17 characteristic
характеристика; характеристическая кривая; характерный параметр; характеристический; характерныйcollapsing characteristics of the gear — поведение [характеристики] шасси при поломке (в результате аварии, удара о землю)
explosive characteristics of fuel — взрывоопаспость топлива [горючего]
handling characteristics with autostabilization — характеристики управляемости (ЛА) с системой автостабилизации
handling characteristics without autostabilization — характеристики управляемости (ЛА) без системы автостабилизации
height control response characteristics — верт. характеристики управляемости по высоте
lift and drag characteristics — величины подъёмной силы и лобового сопротивления; зависимости подъёмной силы и лобового сопротивления
rough field handling characteristics — характеристики управляемости при движении по аэродрому с неровной поверхностью
s.f.c. characteristics — характеристики удельного расхода топлива [горючего]
Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > characteristic
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18 Tesla, Nikola
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 9 July 1856 Smiljan, Croatiad. 7 January 1943 New York, USA[br]Serbian (naturalized American) engineer and inventor of polyphase electrical power systems.[br]While at the technical institute in Graz, Austria, Tesla's attention was drawn to the desirability of constructing a motor without a commutator. He considered the sparking between the commutator and brushes of the Gramme machine when run as a motor a serious defect. In 1881 he went to Budapest to work on the telegraph system and while there conceived the principle of the rotating magnetic field, upon which all polyphase induction motors are based. In 1882 Tesla moved to Paris and joined the Continental Edison Company. After building a prototype of his motor he emigrated to the United States in 1884, becoming an American citizen in 1889. He left Edison and founded an independent concern, the Tesla Electric Company, to develop his inventions.The importance of Tesla's first patents, granted in 1888 for alternating-current machines, cannot be over-emphasized. They covered a complete polyphase system including an alternator and induction motor. Other patents included the polyphase transformer, synchronous motor and the star connection of three-phase machines. These were to become the basis of the whole of the modern electric power industry. The Westinghouse company purchased the patents and marketed Tesla motors, obtaining in 1893 the contract for the Niagara Falls two-phase alternators driven by 5,000 hp (3,700 kW) water turbines.After a short period with Westinghouse, Tesla resigned to continue his research into high-frequency and high-voltage phenomena using the Tesla coil, an air-cored transformer. He lectured in America and Europe on his high-frequency devices, enjoying a considerable international reputation. The name "tesla" has been given to the SI unit of magnetic-flux density. The induction motor became one of the greatest advances in the industrial application of electricity. A claim for priority of invention of the induction motor was made by protagonists of Galileo Ferraris (1847–1897), whose discovery of rotating magnetic fields produced by alternating currents was made independently of Tesla's. Ferraris demonstrated the phenomenon but neglected its exploitation to produce a practical motor. Tesla himself failed to reap more than a small return on his work and later became more interested in scientific achievement than commercial success, with his patents being infringed on a wide scale.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAmerican Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1917. Tesla received doctorates from fourteen universities.Bibliography1 May 1888, American patent no. 381,968 (initial patent for the three-phase induction motor).1956, Nikola Tesla, 1856–1943, Lectures, Patents, Articles, ed. L.I.Anderson, Belgrade (selected works, in English).1977, My Inventions, repub. Zagreb (autobiography).Further ReadingM.Cheney, 1981, Tesla: Man Out of Time, New Jersey (a full biography). C.Mackechnie Jarvis, 1969, in IEE Electronics and Power 15:436–40 (a brief treatment).T.C.Martin, 1894, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, New York (covers his early work on polyphase systems).GW -
19 control
управление; регулирование; контроль; орган [рычаг] управления; руль; pl. система управления или регулирования; управлять; регулироватьback seat flight control — управление ЛА из задней кабины [с места заднего лётчика]; pl. дублирующие органы управления в задней кабине
be out of control — терять управление [управляемость]; выходить из-под управления [контроля]
continuously variable thrust control — плавное [бесступенчатое] регулирование тяги
control c.g. control — регулирование центровки (ЛА)
control of missile attitude — стабилизация ракеты; управление пространственным положением ракеты
control of the air — превосходство или господство в воздухе; превосходство в области авиации [в авиационной технике]; контроль воздушного пространства
control of the yoke — разг. управление штурвалом
control of thrust orientation — управление ориентированием [направлением вектора] тяги
flight deck lighting controls — органы управления [ручки регулировки] освещением кабины экипажа
fling the controls over — перебрасывать органы управления (в противоположную сторону),
flow control with altitude compensation — регулятор расхода [подачи] с высотным корректором
fuel dump valve control — кран [рычаг крана] аварийного слива топлива
gas jet attitude control — управление пространственным положением с помощью системы газоструйных рулей
go out of control — терять управление, выходить из-под управления [контроля]
ground rollout rudder steering control — управление пробегом [на пробеге] с помощью руля направления
interconnected fuel and propeller controls — объединённая система регулирования подачи топлива и шага винта
jet tab thrust vector control — управление вектором тяги с помощью газовых рулей; дефлекторное управление вектором тяги
jet(-deflection, -direction) control — реактивное [струйное] управление; управление изменением направления тяги; струйный руль
manual mixture shut-off control — рычаг отсечки подачи горючей смеси, рычаг останова [выключения] двигателя
maximum boundary layer control — управление пограничным слоем при наибольшей эффективности [производительности, интенсивности работы] системы
recover the control — восстанавливать управление [управляемость]
respond to the controls — реагировать [отвечать] на отклонение рулей [органов управления]
space shuttle orbiter control — управление орбитальной ступенью челночного воздушно-космического аппарата
throttle and collective pitch control — верт. рычаг «шаг — газ»
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См. также в других словарях:
phase out — verb terminate gradually • Ant: ↑phase in • Hypernyms: ↑end, ↑terminate • Verb Frames: Somebody s something * * * [verb] wind down, close, ease off, eliminate, pull out, remove, run down, terminate, wind up, withdraw … Useful english dictionary
phase·out — /ˈfeızˌaʊt/ noun, pl outs [count] US : the act of stopping something gradually over a period of time in a planned series of steps or phases usually singular The restaurant will continue its phaseout of many unhealthy menu items over the next two… … Useful english dictionary
Nuclear power phase-out — A nuclear power plant at Grafenrheinfeld, Germany. Chancellor Angela Merkel s coalition announced on May 30, 2011, that Germany’s 17 nuclear power stations will be shut down by 2022, in a policy reversal following Japan s Fukushima Daiichi… … Wikipedia
phase — phaseless, adj. phasic, phaseal, adj. /fayz/, n., v., phased, phasing. n. 1. any of the major appearances or aspects in which a thing of varying modes or conditions manifests itself to the eye or mind. 2. a stage in a process of change or… … Universalium
phase — ▪ I. phase phase 1 [feɪz] noun [countable] 1. a part of a process of development or growth: • The company is conducting phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials with the drug. • The consortium will pay $92 million for insurance to cover the… … Financial and business terms
phase — [[t]fe͟ɪz[/t]] ♦♦♦ phases, phasing, phased 1) N COUNT A phase is a particular stage in a process or in the gradual development of something. This autumn, 6000 residents will participate in the first phase of the project... The crisis is entering… … English dictionary
phase — phase1 W2 [feız] n [Date: 1800 1900; : Modern Latin; Origin: phasis, from Greek, appearance of a star, phase of the moon , from phanein to show, appear ] 1.) one of the stages of a process of development or change ▪ a new drug that is in the… … Dictionary of contemporary English
phase — I UK [feɪz] / US noun [countable] Word forms phase : singular phase plural phases *** 1) a) a particular period of time during the development of something The war was about to enter its final phase. phase of: The first phase of the project will… … English dictionary
phase — phase1 [ feız ] noun count *** 1. ) a particular period of time during the development of something: The war was about to enter its final phase. phase of: The first phase of the project will be completed by 2002. phase in: It was a depressing… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
phase in — verb introduce gradually • Ant: ↑phase out • Hypernyms: ↑introduce, ↑innovate • Verb Frames: Somebody s something * * * phase in ● phase … Useful english dictionary
phase — /feɪz / (say fayz) noun 1. any of the appearances or aspects in which a thing of varying modes or conditions manifests itself to the eye or mind. 2. a stage of change or development. 3. Astronomy a. the particular appearance presented by a planet …
